A Review of A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking

The field of Science, especially cosmology or the physical science concerning the history and advancement of the Universe, is genuinely a fascinating and exceptional topic. Notwithstanding, understanding and inevitably valuing the criticalness of the said discipline are another aspects.Hence, it is important that such field is presented, investigated, assessed and completely acknowledged in both diagnostic and entrancing ways. This is on the grounds that it is just under such conditions that a confounded issue like Science, explicitly the realities identifying with the creation and improvement of the Universe, is disentangled and eventually perceived of its motivation and essence.Presented with such circumstance, it is presently reasonable to ask in what capacity can individuals and the general public all in all can streamline a complex and evidently a captivating field like Science. Specifically, the test of adequately introducing the verifiable record and all the basic insights con cerning the start and advancement of the Universe might be hard to achieve.This is the place a non-conventional way to deal with the field is fundamental useful. That is, the details of the starting point and possible improvement of the Universe are introduced in manners reasonable to laypeople or the non-logical open. The fruitful change of Science, from a muddled to a straightforward field or subject, shows the obvious viability with respect to an individual or material that meant to adjust Science or the investigation of the Universe.The said condition was the proficient exertion embraced by hypothetical physicist and writer Stephen Hawking in his 1988 book â€Å"A Brief History of Time.† The said scholarly work prevailing with regards to introducing the field of Science, especially the conditions in regards to the beginning of the Universe, in a way just evident physical science can do and provide.Apart from such exacting logical introduction be that as it may, the writer and his book are ideal to be acclaimed for the capacity to represent, clarify and in the long run caused individuals to comprehend the point in basic way. The significant logical highlights of the book certainly fill in as its advantages yet it is consequently one's impression particularly towards the effortlessness of the book that makes the material at last valuable.Valuable FeaturesAt the beginning, the significant highlights of the Hawking book depend on its exacting adherence to the logical creation and advancement of the Universe.â As far as obvious blooded physicists are concern, â€Å"A Brief History of Time† offers close to nothing or in any event, the same old thing subtleties and bits of knowledge about the investigation of physical science, the Universe in particular.For individuals who are new or new particularly the individuals who are absolutely careless of the said topics, the book anyway unquestionably fills in as an important material. Actually, Hawking t hrough his book gives a scene where perusers are helped as they continued looking for answers to logical inquiries. This is on the grounds that the details of the themes highlighted in the book were introduced and disclosed in manners justifiable to conventional people.The highlights of the book incorporate a general and wide glance at the significant ideas or hypotheses on the field of hypothetical material science. The book additionally includes obvious introductions and clarifications of entangled subjects concerning the investigation of Physics like the inception of the Universe. Furthermore, the writer participates in alluring methodology as the book shows welcoming outlines all through (Hawking, 1988).Specifically, the Hawking book includes a few significant logical themes. These incorporate the Big Bang Theory, the law of gravity, dark gaps, time quality, light cones and replies to a string of logical hypotheses that even physicists have for quite some time been looking for.T he book's away from of profound science or the specialized conditions of the source of the Universe and different material science related ideas, as a result, shows the adequacy of the writer in the field that he experts. Through these highlights, the book prevails in its motivation to carefully concentrate on key logical subjects. While the book presents the beginning of time through the picture of tortoise toward the beginning, such endeavor makes ready for the acknowledgment that individuals undoubtedly find out about science on account of its verifiable viewpoint (Hawking, 1988).Valuable ImpressionThe importance of the book is clear for it empowers the perusers to leave important impression or feeling towards the substance and essentialness of the material. On an individual note, â€Å"A Brief History of Time† permits me to have a brief look at the verifiable advancement of the Universe or the field of hypothetical material science as a rule. The book offers genuine mater ial science in a way that is reasonable to both science-situated individuals and non-researchers. Past such exertion, my significant view and impression about the book is about its viability in rearranging the field of science to a customary peruser like me.It is unquestionably significant that a science material like the Hawking book carefully watches or follows the essentials of science. Be that as it may, people in general is blessed enough that the material streamlined the field and its ideas for a non-science individual like me to comprehend and realize.Simply put, the estimation of this book is the writer's capacity and viability in introducing and clarifying logical thoughts like the source and development of the Universe in straightforward just as increasingly recognizable and acknowledging habits. Subsequently, past the book's specialized methodology and logical adherence, it is its productive change of a fairly intricate topic that leaves an individual with commendable imp ression of the book.ConclusionAnalyzing a book like Hawking's â€Å"A Brief History of Time† is genuinely deserving of one's time and exertion. This is on the grounds that inspecting the book makes one to perceive the criticalness of logical ideas and above all, the helpfulness of making a material simple or reasonable to a non-researcher reader.The essential highlights of the book are the underlying variables why one will be caught up in perusing it further. Beside these in any case, it is a reader’s impression or feeling about the book that makes one understands more its worth. That is, the way that the book adequately rearranged a muddled field is an extreme factor in making a material important in the investigation and valuation for the inception of the Universe.ReferenceHawking, S. (1988). A Brief History of Time. New York: Bantam. Â

Cadbury Competitor Analysis

Orem’s General Theory of Nursing Essay

Hypothetical Framework As per Orem’s General Theory of Nursing, the hypothesis of self consideration shortage results when self consideration office isn't sufficient to satisfy oneself consideration need. Besides, it clarifies when individuals need nursing care and how individuals can be helped. In connection with Mrs. DNB, she can't play out any self consideration activities in view of her entanglements. Our job as a medical attendant is to help and meet oneself consideration needs of our patient by managing and coordinating to forestall any further disease, offering physical or mental help and keep up a calm situation to recuperate from their sickness. We as medical caretakers should instruct our patient for them to figure out how to perform self consideration estimates which is significant for their recuperation. OREM SELF-CARE DEFICIT THEORY Orem’s reason for building up the Self-Care Framework was two-overlap: she was attempting to locate the significance of nursing and to build up an assemblage of nursing information in rendering care to the patient. Orem hypothesis has concentrated on the starting improvement of logical information in the field of nursing. In her hypothesis, Orem characterizes the four ideas that establish nursing’s metaparadigm, for example, wellbeing, nursing, condition and person. Wellbeing In tending to the idea of wellbeing, Orem says wellbeing and sound are terms used to depict living things. It is the point at which they are fundamentally and practically entire or sound life. She further explains her situation by characterizing wellbeing as â€Å"a condition of physical, mental, and social prosperity, and not just the nonappearance of malady or ailment. NURSING-Orem considers nursing to be â€Å"an craftsmanship through which the expert of nursing gives particular help to people with incapacities of such a character, that more noteworthy than standard help is important to address day by day issues for self consideration of their patient. Nursing comprises of activities intentionally chose and performed by medical caretakers to support people or gatherings under their consideration to keep up or change conditions in themselves or their condition. Condition Orem considers condition to be incorporated by two dimensionsâ€physical, substance and biologic highlights and financial highlights. Physical, substance, and biologic highlights incorporate things, for example, climate, toxins, climate conditions, pets, irresistible life forms and so forth are significant in helping your customer recoup from their condition. Individual Orem’s work in her humanistic classification, the Self-Care Framework is most fittingly positioned in the formative class of information since it tends to self-care organization, self-care shortages, and restorative requests as they present all through life.

Women Empowerment Through Entrepreneurship free essay sample

It is seen that ladies business person systems are significant wellsprings of information about women’s enterprise and they are progressively perceived as an important apparatus for its turn of events and advancement. Of the 1. 3 billion individuals who live in supreme neediness around the world, 70 percent are ladies  work 66% of the world’s working hours; Women procure just 10 percent of the world’s salary. Ladies own under 1 percent of the world’s property. .Prologue to Entrepreneurship was recently viewed as obscure nature of an individual and subsequently it was accepted that business visionaries are conceived and not made. Yet, ongoing examinations have demonstrated that Entrepreneurial exercises can be arranged and created in a person through production of chances, expanded Facilities, Allowing Incentives, Developing Competence and gathering affectability in a person for each one of those variables Entrepreneurship is a social marvel and it isn't inborn inside an individual, rather it exists in the connection between individuals. We will compose a custom paper test on Ladies Empowerment Through Entrepreneurship or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It mirrors a beam of trust in the jobless to gain a living and keep up an honorable life and furthermore for the financial improvement of the nation. Our vision of rising as a superpower by 2020 will turn vitally on Entrepreneurial shoulders. Equivalent open door among people from the viewpoint of business enterprise is as yet not a reality. Ladies are the equivalent recipients to the focal points offered by innovation, and the items and procedures, which are by result of the innovation use. In any case, it ought not be restricted to world class gathering of society yet to stream to different portions of ladies in Indian culture. The examination needed to think about framework (social, prudent, instructive, and so forth accessible to various portions of the ladies and social opportunity and openings in country and urban territories. The appropriateness may welcome government intercession to stop advanced partition among ladies and furthermore to greater strengthening for ladies with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) utilization. 1 2. Strengthening for ladies with Information and Communication Technology (ICT)2 Women a re the equivalent recipients to the focal points offered by innovation, and the items and procedures, which are by result of the innovation use. In any case, it ought not be limited to tip top gathering of society however to stream to different fragments of ladies in Indian culture. The examination needed to think about foundation (social, affordable, instructive, and so forth) accessible to various portions of the ladies and social opportunity and openings in rustic and urban regions. The pertinence may welcome government mediation to stop advanced gap among ladies and furthermore to greater strengthening for ladies with ICT use. - 1. niccd. nic. in 2. Ladies Empowerment through Entrepreneurship in India Suman Agrawal a. The Need ICT For Women

Body Image in Children and Adolescents Essay examples -- Self Esteem W

Self-perception in Children and Adolescents What is self-perception? A two-dimensional model of self-perception joins both perceptual and enthusiastic parts. It centers around both how we feel about the size and state of our bodies and how precisely we see our body size too. A later intellectual methodology proposes that self-perception is an unpredictable arrangement of psychological outline. A pattern is a gathered collection of information. Gatherings of mapping are promptly accessible for significant errands, for example, directing conduct, fortuitous contents (or exchange), and summoning the proper enthusiastic, substantial, visual, and sound-related reactions in specific circumstances. The subjective outline for self-perception is a sorted out area of information about oneself as well as other people. Various circumstances summon distinctive composition. For instance, viewing a runway show or taking a gander at a women’s magazine loaded up with page after page of whithered strays may inspire the I’m fat map ping, while at the same time being praised for how great your body glances in a specific dress may summon the I’m attractive outline. We start building pattern since early on; in this manner, when we are grown-ups we have experienced numerous encounters and built up expand composition. Such detailed builds are impervious to change. These composition impact our view of the world and ourselves, our emotions, and our practices. Each culture far and wide anxieties explicit beliefs for self-perception. In the United States and numerous different nations, the media assumes a major job by they way we see ourselves-it gives us what is acceptable and what is awful. In numerous ways our general public penetrates our idea of perfect self-perception by setting ridiculous desires for the two sexual orientations. At an early age we are told to give unique consideration to our appearance. A... ...ertal improvement among male and female young people. Immaturity, 34(133), 69-79. Gardner, R.M., Friedman, B.N., and Jackson. (1999) Hispanic and White children’s Decisions of saw and perfect body size in self as well as other people. The Psychological Record, 49(4), 555-564. Wong, Y., Bennink, M.R., Wang, M., and Yamamato, S. (2000) Overconcern about slenderness in 10-to 14-year old students in Taiwan. American Dietetic Association, 100(2), 234-237. O’Dea, J. and Maloney, D. (2000) Preventing eating and self-perception issues in Youngsters and teenagers utilizing the wellbeing advancing schools system. The Journal of School Health, 70(1), 18-21. Coller, T.G. and Neumark-Sztainer, D. (1999) Taste of food, fun, and wellness: A people group based program to show little youngsters to feel better their bodies. Diary of Nutrition and Education, 31(5), 292-293.

50 Fantastic Christian Audiobooks

50 Fantastic Christian Audiobooks Christian audiobooks are a great way to fit some more good stuff into your life, even while you’re driving or cooking or out for a run. Whether you’re looking for encouragement or a challenge…whether you want to learn new things about God, get swept up in someones story, or strengthen your prayer life, these religious books are a great addition to your day. Here are 50 fantastic Christian audiobooks for your listening pleasure. setTimeout(function() { if (typeof(__gaTracker) !== 'undefined') { __gaTracker('send', 'event', 'Audiobooks Impression', 'Audiobooks', 'libro.fm IRC Feb 20'); } }, 3000); Mere Christianity by C.S. Lewis: A Christian classic by beloved Oxford professor C.S. Lewis. Fervent: A Womans Battle Plan to Serious, Specific, and Strategic Prayer by Priscilla Shirer: Helpful instruction on developing a prayer life, from one of my favorite Bible teachers. The Prodigal God: Recovering the Heart of the Christian Faith by Timothy Keller: Grace and truth from the prolific pastor of New York Citys Redeemer Presbyterian Church. The Inner Voice of Love: A Journey Through Anguish to Freedom by Henri J.M. Nouwen: Honest, grace-filled thoughts from Dutch Catholic priest Henri Nouwen. Dont Settle For Safe: Embracing the Uncomfortable to Become Unstoppable by Sarah Jakes Roberts: Popular speaker (and T.D. Jakess daughter) tells her story and encourages us to find hope in God in the midst of our pain and failures. The Hiding Place by Corrie Ten Boom: Gripping story of a Dutch family determined to serve Jesus in the midst of danger during World War Two. A Crazy, Holy Grace: The Healing Power of Pain and Memory by Frederick Buechner: Essays from Frederick Buechner, whose writing has been recommended by none other than Anne Lamott, Annie Dillard, and Maya Angelou. Unleashed: Being Conformed to the Image of Christ by Eric Mason: Instruction from Philly pastor Eric Mason. Im listening to this one right now! They Say We Are Infidels: On the Run from ISIS with Persecuted Christians in the Middle East by Mindy Belz: A look at what has been happening on the ground in Syria and Iraq, from reporter Mindy Belz. Anxious for Nothing: Finding Calm in a Chaotic World by Max Lucado: Help for finding peace and anxiety in todays world, written in Max Lucados signature style. Crazy Love: Overwhelmed by a Relentless God by Francis Chan: A bestselling Christian book on the love of God. God Loves Broken People (And Those Who Pretend Theyre Not) by Sheila Walsh: I love Sheila Walsh for her self-deprecating honesty. This book is next up on my list. Jesus Among Secular Gods: The Countercultural Claims of Christ by Ravi Zacharias: A serious look at faith from Indian-born Canadian American Christian apologist Ravi Zacharias. Audacious by Beth Moore: One of Americas most beloved Bible teachers does a deep dive into the message that has compelled her into years of ministry. Seeking Refuge: On the Shores of the Global Refugee Crisis by Stephan Bauman, Matthew Soerens, and Issam Smeir: A practical and very helpful look at the current refugee crisis, from World Relief workers. Mudhouse Sabbath by Lauren Winner: Lauren Winner looks at what she, as a Christian, has learned from Judaism. Unashamed by Lecrae Moore: Hip-hop artist Lecrae tells his story. I love this book. My Utmost for His Highest by Oswald Chambers: Classic Christian bestseller, with a short devotional reading for each day. Mi Casa Uptown: Learning to Love Again by Rich Perez: NYC pastor Rich Perez takes a look at our call to love our neighbors right where we are. The Explicit Gospel by Matt Chandler: Texas pastor Matt Chandler takes a straightforward look at the gospel message. Bread and Wine: A Love Letter to Life Around the Table by Shauna Niequist: Popular writer and speaker (and daughter of Bill Hybels) takes on community, love, life, and bacon-wrapped dates. None Like Him: 10 Ways God is Different from Us (and Why Thats a Good Thing) by Jen Wilkin: Jen Wilkin highlights some of the ways that our limitations and Gods greatness actually bring us joy. Unshaken: Real Faith in Our Faithful God by Crawford W. Loritts Jr.: Georgia pastor Crawford Loritts looks at how true faith grounds us even in the chaos of life. Love Does: Discover a Secretly Incredible Life in an Ordinary World by Bob Goff: A bestseller on the active, joyful Christian life. Dream With Me: Race, Love, and the Struggle We Must Win by John M. Perkins: Thoughts on love, civil rights, and justice from a long-time practitioner. Detours: The Unpredictable Path to Your Destiny by Tony Evans: Pastor Tony Evans uses the biblical story of Joseph to look at how God can use the most unexpected detours to get us right where he wants us to be. Humble Roots: How Humility Grounds and Nourishes Your Soul by Hannah Anderson: A search for peace instead of anxiety in the beautiful Blue Ridge Parkway. Joni by Joni Eareckson Tada: A classic story of finding Gods true peace in the midst of horrific pain. The Ragamuffin Gospel by Brennan Manning: God does not call us to get our act together, but to come to Him, just as we are. The Ragamuffin Gospel is Brennan Mannings classic rumination on the beautiful grace of God. Enjoy: Finding the Freedom to Delight Daily in Gods Good Gifts by Trillia J. Newbell: Does God give us good gifts to enjoy, or does savoring life make us frivolous? One Thousand Gifts: A Dare to Live Fully Right Where You Are by Ann Voskamp: A life-changing, practical guide to gratitude. C.S. Lewis, A Life: Eccentric Genius, Reluctant Prophet by Alister McGrath: My favorite biography of Oxford professor (and author of Narnia!), C.S. Lewis. He Is There and He Is Not Silent: Does it Make Sense to Believe in God? by Francis A. Schaeffer: A look at who God is and why that even matters, from thinker and writer Francis Schaeffer. Own Your Life: Living With Deep Intention, Bold Faith, and Generous Love by Sally Clarkson: A pressure-free look at the ways our most ordinary of moments can be used by God in big, magnificent ways when we live with his love, faith, and intention. Between Heaven and the Real World by Steven Curtis Chapman: The honest, hopeful, heart-wrenching true story of Christian music star Steven Curtis Chapman and his family. Looking for Lovely: Collecting the Moments That Matter by Annie F. Downs: Seeing Gods beauty right where you are. Too Busy Not To Pray: Slowing Down to Be With God by Bill Hybels: A modern classic on prayer from pastor Bill Hybels. Destiny: Step Into Your Purpose by T. D. Jakes: Dallas pastor T. D. Jakes encourages us to push past the pain and challenges of life to pursue purpose. The Cross of Christ by John R. W. Stott: A scholarly and pastoral look at the heart of the Christian faith from British pastor John Stott. Saturate: Being Disciples of Jesus in the Everyday Stuff of Life by Jeff Vanderstelt: A practical guide to pursuing discipleship in our ordinary everyday lives. The Jesus Storybook Bible: Every Story Whispers His Name by Sally Lloyd-Jones: Of all the books on this list, this one may be my favorite. Simple, beautiful stories showing how the whole Bible points to Jesus. This book is accessible for kids but makes great reading for adults as well. Captive in Iran: A Remarkable True Story of Hope and Triumph Amid the Horror of Tehrans Brutal Evin Prison by Maryam Rostampour and Marziyeh Amirizadeh: An astonishing story of two Iranian women imprisoned in Tehrans notorious Evin prison for sharing their faith in Jesus. When I Dont Desire God: How to Fight for Joy by John Piper: Minnesota pastor John Pipers help in our pursuit of true joy. How to Fix a Broken Record: Thoughts on Vinyl Records, Awkward Relationships, and Learning to Be Myself by Amena Brown: Spoken word poet Amena Brown looks at life, love, and music. What is the Gospel? by Greg Gilbert: A succinct summation of the gospel. Gods Smuggler by Brother Andrew: A fascinating true story of smuggling Bibles across borders and living a life of faith even when its illegal. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference by David J. Garrow: Gigantic, 34 hour, Pulitzer Prize winning bio of Dr. King. Sing!: How Worship Transforms Your Life, Family, and Church by Keith and Kristyn Getty: Notes on worship from much-loved Irish hymn writers Keith and Kristyn Getty. I Will Not Fear: My Story of a Lifetime of Building Faith Under Fire by Melba Pattillo Beals: Melba Pattillo Beals is one of the Little Rock Nine, who helped integrate Central High when she was only 16. I Will Not Fear addresses the roll her faith played in helping her to stand strong in the face of hatred, death threats, and the KKK. The Case for Christ by Lee Strobel: Jaded Chicago Tribune journalist sets out to use his skills as an investigative reporter to disprove his wifes newfound faith in Christ…but what he finds surprises him. Two more great Christian audiobook resources: There are piles of Christian audiobooks for sale at ChristianAudio. Each month they offer one free audiobookâ€"for example, in January 2018 they were giving away Twelve Ways Your Phone is Changing You by Tony Reinke, which Ive been wanting to read. Audiobooks are also a great way to read the Bible. I love Streetlights (which is free!). I have the app on on my phone and I use it all the time. There is also The Bible Experience (Old and New Testaments) read by everyone from Angela Bassett to India.Arie to Kirk Franklin, or The One Year Bible, which is one of my favorite ways to read through the Bible in a year. So there you have it: a whole pile of Christian audiobooks for your listening pleasure. Happy reading! Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

How to Prepare a Project Proposal for Funding

Nowadays, there are a lot of young people who are not able to bring to life their creative and bold ideas due to the lack of financial resources, which are necessary to implement a project. At the same time, there are numerous funding opportunities for the individuals and organizations willing to fulfill their ideas. Therefore, being aware of how to prepare a project proposal for funding implies a key importance in terms of the successful realization of ones creative potential. Moreover, the knowledge of how to prepare a project proposal for funding would be remarkably helpful even for those students who have not yet formalized their creative, social or business ideas. The Overview of a Project Proposal The aim of a project proposal for funding is to convince the grantor that the idea presented is worth financing. It should be noted, that the term project proposal for funding may have a meaning in both broad and narrow dimensions. To be more precise, in the strict sense, the term implies preparation of a proposal which involves several essential structural elements and fulfills certain format criteria. At the same time, in its broad meaning, the proposal for funding may also refer to the non-structured requests initiated by an applicant. As an illustration, the letter of a high school graduate in which he or she asks the university for an educational fellowship would also be considered as a project proposal for funding in its broad sense. Particularly, in such case, a graduate would decide for him or herself, which structure and format would be the most suitable for a proposal. On the contrary, in its strict sense, when preparing a proposal is not a personal initiative, the document has to involve several essential elements or structural parts. The Elements of a Project Proposal for Funding The structural parts of a proposal may vary depending on the specific requirements of each grantor, however, the majority of the proposals involve the following elements: The information about an applicant. It is necessary to outline the email or telephone number of an applicant, so the granting organization representative could contact an individual responsible for the proposal. Problem description. An applicant is required to specify which social, cultural or economic problem has contributed to the creation of a state of affairs in which it is necessary to implement a project being presented. Goal and objectives of a project. As a rule, the goal of a project implies an overall tackling of the described problem while the objectives appear to be the tools for reaching the major aim. Target groups of a project. In this part, an applicant is required to specify all the stakeholders and the project beneficiaries, in particular. Activities within the project framework. As a rule, all the project activities are divided into the major and minor or supplementing ones. Expected results of a project. An applicant should outline the qualitative and quantitative outcomes of the project implementation. Sustainability of a project. The grantors are in most cases looking for an applicant who will be able to maintain the positive results of the project even after its active phase will be over. Budget of a project. In order to succeed, it is necessary for an applicant to describe the financial aspect of the project as precise as possible. The above mentioned elements are the essential parts constituting the majority of the project proposals. However, before starting to prepare the project proposal, an applicant should always check if there are some specific demands requested by the grantor.

The Problem Of Cyber Warfare - 1531 Words

In computer science, there is a law named â€Å"Moore s Law† which states that every eighteen to twenty-four months, the number of transistors that can fit on a computer chip will double. This exponential growth of computing power has brought the human race to a point where we can almost no longer be completely human. While these advancements were done with strong and positive intentions, new security dangers have arisen along with them. Though a large chunk of these dangers are studied and well known by some, little is being done to prevent these dangers and it needs to change. Starting off, one of the most critical issues the United States and the world have with combating cyberattacks is that there is no clear definition of what one†¦show more content†¦One of the largest problems is that though there is a government organization, DARPA, they do not act as they need to (Gervais 526). The National Research Council, who is supposed to audit the United States’ computers, has not put out a report since 1991 (Gervais 526). International governments and â€Å"decision makers† are trying to understand ways of avoiding technological attacks, but have difficulty as cyber warfare changes often making it difficult to understand what we already have (Gervais 526). On the other hand, there are some things the United States has been doing to help mitigate the issues of cyber-attacks. In October or 2012, President Obama signed a â€Å"classified directive† to help give the Pentagon a better idea on what they need to do while acting in â€Å"cyberspace† (Farnsworth). This directive, better known as an executive order, was mostly designed to help mitigate the damage that would be done on â€Å"critical infrastructure† (Farnsworth). This term is â€Å"generally understood to refer to include power grids and transportation infrastructure† (Farnsworth). According to Farnsworth and Arms Control Today ¸ the order has req uired that the secretary of homeland security essentially list what could cause the most damage if attacked. While other attacks are extremely dangerous, the biggest threat that plagues the United States is the deep trust the government seems to have with the Chinese. This does not seem dangerous, but the Chinese

Facts About Sea Cucumbers

Movie Analysis The Movie The Film - 2659 Words

One day in class we watched one of those god awful behaviour videos produced a decade old. All the youngsters in these educational doldrums had fluffy feathered mullets and strong cockney accents, film locations were churlish high-rise council blocks that surmounted concrete doom in its infrastructure. And a cast of dreadful actors so utterly depressing to look at you had to wonder where their future in acting ended up. We had to view these insipid films on a geriatric Sony trinitron, snuggled in a cardigan of wood, volume exceedingly loud you could hear a margin of white noise and lastly, hatred for the continuous disappointing VCR for never aborting the tapes as they were playing in her ethical conundrum belly. The film was about a bully whose life was truly dreadful on account of his step parent, and took his frustrations out on a poor kid with an exiguous amount of muscle, and ever so slightly strabismic. Realises that coming to a teacher for help is the sole answer, thus fixes everything quite unconvincingly. After viewing the film we had to get ourselves in groups of four for re-enactment. The roles were, bully, victim, step parent and teacher. Barry and his greedy posse were in this lesson so they migrated with ease, whereas I, was the commiserate prize for the group that couldn t negotiate a fourth. I ended up in a group that consisted of one girl, Lucy (a Jehovah s Witness,) and two boys. They all thought it would be absurd if I played the bully; soShow MoreRelatedMovie Analysis : Movie Of A Film 2032 Words   |  9 Pagesthe auteur category of films, we went from films having a clear plot, ending, and meaning, to films having endings, plots, and meanings the audience had to actually sit and think about to find to find out what exactly the director was trying to portray. This is caused by directors that are considered auteurs. 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I, the writer, am guilty of this type of film analysis. I based my ‘review’ of a film solely on how I felt the narrative evolved or how well the acting was done. I never considered why the rhetor of film choose certain details or what might have influenced the rhetor in the first place. However, through this course I was exposedRead MoreFilm Analysis Of 300 Movie1428 Words   |  6 PagesRichardson History 101 26 September 2017 300 Film Analysis The 300 is a spectacular movie designed to provide the viewer with a sense of excitement and anticipation. The movie is loosely based on past events with Sparta and their conflict with Persia, back in 480 BC. And while the movie is founded on a historical event, there are many historical inaccuracies throughout the film. These inaccuracies are created to add depth and new excitement to the movie, but also gives the viewer a false understanding

Symptoms And Treatment Of Depression - 1431 Words

Introduction: What is Depression? Depression is a type of mood disorder characterized by persistent and profound sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, and feelings of worthlessness. While depression may be a common disorder in many cultures, not many people know about its different types and more importantly how to help themselves or others in the recovery process. There are in fact multiple types of depressive conditions each characterized by its own causes, courses, patterns outcomes, and specific types of treatment. The most common disorders include: bipolar disorder, depressive personality disorder, and major depressive disorder. Of the more common conditions, major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed mental illnesses in the United States each year. Symptoms of this unique condition include a lack of energy, a loss of interest in usual activities, a loss of ability to concentrate, suicidal thoughts, as well as appetite and sleep disturbances. These symptoms typically last for two or m ore weeks and often interfere with relationships and responsibilities related to school, work, and home. Causes of the Disorder There has yet to be a single cause linked to this particular mental condition. This illness has been assumed to be the result of a combination of factors, including: genetic, biochemical, and social factors. Various studies have confirmed that genetic factors play a role in most forms of depression. Studies have shown that if one parentShow MoreRelatedDepression Symptoms And Treatment Of Depression935 Words   |  4 Pagestreated for depression but your symptoms haven t improved, you may have treatment-resistant depression. Taking an antidepressant or going to psychological counseling (psychotherapy) eases depression symptoms for most people. But with treatment-resistant depression, standard treatments aren t enough. They may not help much at all, or your symptoms may improve, only to keep coming back. 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Industrial Technology Free Essays

string(66) " than 3mm that are glued onto core panels to produce flat panels\." Industrial Technology, Timber Products and Furniture Study Notes Perry Tappenden Materials Terminology associated with the timber industry comes in many forms; it is used to address other workers, to give a quick response to a question or to make statements shorter and to not go into extensive detail. Examples of certain timber terminology includes; a Crook: Distortion of a piece of lumber, Header: a structural member located between the stud joint or rafter. These are a few instances of terminology as there are many more than this. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Timber recovery and conversion is when timber is collected either from deposits or from land and sawn into newer sheets of wood, or burned and used for something else such as firewood, this practice is commonly sought after. When wood is converted it can also be broken down into chips and remade into sheets of ply for use thereafter. * Live Sawing: This gives the most timber from the log; it’s the most simple and cheapest way to cut the log into boards. Timber cut in this method may shrink or warp unevenly. This timber is suitable for construction work, fences and crates * Quarter sawing: The log is quartered lengthwise, resulting in wedges with a right angle ending at approximately the centre of each log. The resulting boards are called quarter sawn. * Back sawing: Takes high quality timber from faulty logs. It allows for the faulty parts to be cut around with little waste. Back sawing is used for floor and ceiling joints as there is more strength in the direction of the growth rings. Flitches and Burls are deformities on the outside of timber, it’s found on the outgrowth on a tree trunk. Flitches are slices of veneer form a tree trunk and are kept in the order of which they were sawn. * Stability is the limit to which timber can re shaped and formed. If timber is stable then it would have been seasoned and therefore maintains its shape without curling. * Seasoning is the process in which moisture is dried out from the cell walls and cell cavities of the wood. Air seasoning is a natural drying method which takes ither a few days or a few weeks in which timber is stacked in well ventilated stacks out in the open. Kiln seasoning is an artificial drying method in which timber is placed in large drying rooms in which controlled temperature and humidity circuate around the boards. * Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) affects the stability of the timber. As moisture content increases. Timber swells. If moisture content decreases, timber shrinks. Timber should ‘move’ in very minor amounts, so therefore it should be properly seasoned. Timber selection considerations refers to what to consider when selecting timbers, hardwoods and soft woods may be chosen as they both have different moisture contents and therefore different considerations must be put into place. * Plantation timbers come from artificially planted forest or plantation. Timber gained from plantation comes from fast growing trees used for lumber. * Exotic Timbers are timbers that are rare and hard to come by, the timber is a reddish brown and is prized by woodworkers, it is used in wood turnings, handles and other items, an example of an Exotic wood is Allocasuarina Torulosa or known as Forest Oak. Recycling/Reusing Timber is the process of salvaging timber products from old buildings, bridges and wharfs, the timber is then taken to a mill where all metal objects are removed and the the timber is re-sawn and sold to consumers usually as flooring, beams or decking. * ‘Green’ Timbers are wood products that have recently cut and have therefo re not had an opportunity to season by evaporation of the internal moisture. The term applies to wood such as firewood lumber. * Economical Usage/ Waste Minimisation revolves around how to control timber wastage. Scrap timber can be reused in other projects where necessary and therefore saves time and money from buying more timber for other uses. Waste minimisation is how to control timber wastage in order to save money. Waste can be controlled with a waste management plan in which 10% is added to timber to be cut to allow for an affordable amount of waste. * Environmental Issues/Pollution that concern timber production is dust, air emissions and odours and hazard materials including chemicals. Pollution can arise from these things so therefore care should be taken. Another environmental issue is deforestation. Sustainability is about how long a timber will last. Depending on what the desired project is, will reflect that will be selected. A wood such as pine is sustainable but will not last over years like hardwood will. Sustainable timber will have a higher price, but will last longer than most other timbers that are not as sustainable. * OHS Issues regarding timber selection are affected b y the type of timber that is chosen. For example if a hardwood is chosen it must be taken into consideration that it is heavy durable and therefore feet protection must be worn. Also the machinery must be used with caution as it will work harder against the timber. The right timber must also be selected for the job as certain projects require a specific timber that is suitable, if the wrong timber is used it may have an issue such as not being able to support the weight of itself. Manufactured Board are products that are engineered to precise and specific design purposes. Manufactured board is used in a variety of applications such as home constructions to industrial products. The resulting boards are very stable and offer greater structural strength than natural wood building materials. †¢ The Construction and Manufacture of manufactured board involves the same hard and soft woods used in normal construction. Scraps and other wood waste can be used to make manufactured wood also. It’s manufactured for practical uses and also for flat pack furniture because of it’s low cost. †¢ Veneers are thin sheets of timber, thinner than 3mm that are glued onto core panels to produce flat panels. You read "Industrial Technology" in category "Papers" Veneer is constructed with a either a rotary lathe, a slicing machine or a half-round lathe. Using different types of slicing, a different type of grain will appear. †¢ Plywood is manufactured by laminating an odd number of thin sheets of timber, or veneers. The sheets are placed with the grain running along the length of the sheet. The sheet is bonded under heat and pressure with durable, moisture resistant adhesives. When bonding the sheets, the sheets are arranged in a grain direction with the grain at right angles in the alternate layers. †¢ Particleboard is made from the thinnings and trimmings from pine plantations as well as plantation trees. The wood stock is milled in to coarse flakes which are dried and sprayed with a resin adhesive. The flakes are formed into mats with coarse flakes sandwiched between the fine flakes. A number of these mats are placed in a hot press where they are compressed. The high temperature of the press and the resin forms a strong board that is grainless, that prevents termites and borers. †¢ Fibre Boards are constructed the same way as particleboards, the difference between the two is that the particles are pulped to separate the wood fibres which interlock with each other to create the sheet’s strength. Fibreboards are available in plain sanded sheets or veneered in a range of cabinet timbers. †¢ Block manufactured boards have a limited application in the furniture industry, The main use is an alternative to thin sheets of particle board or medium density fibreboard for cupboard backs and drawer bottoms. †¢ Lamiboard are produced by bonding thin wood veneers together in a large billet. The resulting product features enhanced mechanical properties and dimensional stability.. Lamiboard is used in many products including rafters, headers, beams, joists, rim boards, studs and columns. OHS Issues regarding manufactured boards is that some of boards may burn faster than solid timber, they require more energy for their manufacture than solid timber, the adhesives used may be toxic, cutting and working can expose workers to toxic compounds, Some of the manufactured products are more prone to heat warping when used for exterior purposes, exterior use is also not recommended because the boards soak up moisture. †¢ Glues used for manufactured wood include: Urea-formaldehyde resins (most common, most cheap, and not waterproof. Phenol-formaldehyde resins (Yellow/brown, and commonly used for exterior exposure products. ) Melamine-formaldehyde resin (white, heat and water resistant, and often used in exposed surfaces in more costly designs. ) Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate or polyurethane resins (expensive, generally waterproof, and do not contain formaldehyde). Fitting and Allied Materials-Hardware and Fittings †¢ Screws are on of the most commonly used woodwork fittings, they have a single use of joing two or more pieces of wood together depending on the length of the screw. Screws come in different head types for varying areas of work, The thread on each of the screws differs for the grip on the board as well as width of the board. †¢ Nails are also a commonly used fastener in the timber industry and trades. Nails are used to join together two or more pieces of timber and have many variations. Nails also have many variations for different uses and can be inserted at different angles to strengthen joints. †¢ Nuts Bolts are used in conjunction with one another to joint together a stack of parts. The joint piese are helf together with a combination of the threads friction, a stretch of the bolt, and compression of the parts. Nuts Bolts vary in sizes and shapes to fit to the job necessary, nuts bolts as big as 60mm exist on the Sydney Harbour Bridge. †¢ Knockdown Fittings are items of furniture that have the ability to be taken assembled and disassembled any number of times. The furniture has also been made with many different modifications that the owner can perform themselves. These include changing the position of the shelves or even adding shelves in general. Transport and storage of this furniture is also made very easy. †¢ Hinges are devices that are secured to a side of a cabinet and attached to a door or other object to allow the door to open and close. Hinges are available in many forms and open to a 180 degree angle. The knuckle of the hinge shows when the door is closed but there are many types of hinges such as concealed hinges that prevent this. †¢ Handles are an attachment to a door that allows an operator to open and close the door. Hinges are constantly changing and are manufactured by several manufactures. Handles are made out of plastic, metal and even wood. They are a D shape and are screwed onto the door frame. †¢ Knobs are similar to handles in which they allow an operator to open and close a door, they might be favoured or disregarded over a handle. Knobs also come in variations of wood, metal and plastic. Like handles they can be used on doors or drawers. †¢ Staples are used by upholsters for fastening fabric to the wooden frames of covered furniture. Staples can be applies with a staple gun or a pneumatic tacker. Staples can also be used in the assembly of light frames and furniture components as an alternative to nailing and are applied with an air tacker. Drawer Runners are devices that are secured to the interior of a drawer and allow for a smooth operation of the drawer and will last a long life. Some draw runners do not allow the drawer to extend to it’s full depth, however, fully extending drawers have an extra telescopic extension which allows the drawer to extend for it’s full depth. †¢ Table Cl ips are used to attach solid timber tops to tables and other items of furniture, to achieve this result, a groove is cut in the inside faces of the table and the table clip, an S shaped piece, is slotted into the groove and the opposite side is screwed into the top of the table. Latches are a component that allow for two surfaces to connect that also allows for regular separation. Latches are usually used on large doors or windows. They can be made from plastic or from metal and can be secured with a padlock. Latches can also be places on the inside or the outside of a door depending on the levels of security needed. †¢ Catches are a component that is attached to a door and consists of two separate parts, a striker and retainer. Catches can join together via a ball with springs, a magnetic strip on the striker and retainer, or a roller that separates and rolls onto the other. They keep doors firmly closed, yet are still easy to open. †¢ Shelf Hangers are small shelf supports that are available for various applications. Three commonly used shelf hangers are plug in which simply plug into a drilled hole and are made from plastic. Sleeve mounted which is slim mount that fits into a metal sleeve that is first inserted into the hole. Strip mounted supports fit into holes or slots in plastic or aluminium strips which are knocked into grooves that are cut into the wood side piece. Additional Materials Applied to Timber Based Products Glass as a material can be used in conjunction with timber products. A glass door can be added to a cabinet or a glass centre piece can be applied to a door frame on a small or large cabinet. Glass overall gives a more modern look and prevents dust from getting on the shelves. †¢ Metal is used in conjunction with timber in many ways, handles and knobs can be made from a metal and add a nice overall look to the project. Fas teners are also made from metal. Corner covers can also be applied to timber projects such a chest of drawers or any other box. These add a vintage or modern look. †¢ Polymers can also collaborate with woodwork, these can be used similarly to metal materials such as handles and fasteners. Also, like glass, a plastic sheet can be used to insert into a door frame. †¢ Upholstery Materials that can be used in conjunction with timber products is fabric sheets, which can be stapled on to cover a certain section. If upholstery is used, It must be fitted properly. Adhesives †¢ PVA or polyvinyl acetate is a white, ready to use, glue. It is not waterproof but will resist bacteria. It has good gap filling qualities, is on stainable, and non flammable. PVA is the most commonly used adhesive in woodworking burt won’t bond a non-porous material surface such as metal to wood. †¢ Epoxy Resin is a two part glue consisting of resin and a hardener or catalyst. They allow assembly time at up to an hour at approximately 20 degrees. It is very fast-setting and contact with the skin should be heavily avoi ded. It will attach non-porous to porous materials at anytime. †¢ Hot Glue is an adhesive that will glue two surfaces together. The glue is squeezed from a glue gun that heats and melts a stick of glue. The glue itself will bond together porous materials only as solid objects such as metal or glass will not grip the glue when it hardens. †¢ Urea-Formaldehyde are thermo setting adhesives which are hardened by the addition of a catalyst. The adhesive is widely used in the industry. It takes 2-24 hours to set at room temperature. The glue cannot be softened by heat one it sets. Ventilation or respiratory equipment should be used with this adhesive and contact with the skin should be avoided. †¢ Resorcinol glue is an adhesive that has high strength in both dry and wet conditions. It is also resistant to high temperatures. It’s main use is to glue timber that requires immediate repair straight away. The glue withstands tropical and sub-zero temperatures as well as salt and fresh water. †¢ Contact Glue is a synthetic rubber based adhesive, It is mostly used to bond plastic laminate to manufactured boards. Adhesive is applied with a spreader which becomes dry in about 10-20 minutes. The two sheets are brought together resulting in an immediate bond. No cramping is necessary, rather rubbing and smoothing with a block of wood. The adhesive is flammable, highly toxic and gives of pungent fumes. Processes, Tools and Machinery Planning †¢ Sketches are used to help develop ideas, communicate design ideas to others such as the client, factory manager or workshop supervisor. They also help to work out sizes and proportions. Many sketching techniques ar ecarried out in order to communicate through the sketch. †¢ Workshop Drawings are usually of the multi-view type, prepared accurately to scale. Drawing standards are intended to provide consistency in presentation. If a furniture designer prepares a drawing then it should be able to read by all people that follow the same presentation requirements. Material Lists require linear measurements and basic calculations. Timber is sold in metres so therefore all measurements must be counted for and there should be waste allowance which equals to an extra 10% on the final measurement. A materials list should include size of the section, species of timber, type of finish, number of pieces and the lengths required. †¢ Calcula tions that are included in woodwork require addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. This is necessary when setting out details and working out quantities and costs. Calculations are applies to the area, surface area, and waste allowances using formulas and equations. †¢ Costing is a major factor in measurements of timber. For costing it must be made certain that all materials needed for the project are listed and also to keep the unit of measurement consistent, this will prevent confusion from the timber seller and fellow furnishers. Preparation of Timber †¢ Dressing timber involves making the timber flat, straight and square, so that it’s ready for a project. Dressing can be done with a professional machine or it can be done manually using hand held power tools. Dressing timber by yourself ensures that even though timber may have warps or twists they can be compensated for and attended to straight away. †¢ Thicknessing involves using a thicknesser machine to narrow down timber to a desired thickness. The process is by setting the machine to a desired thickness and inserting the wood into the opening where it will be cut down to a thickness that is required. The result will not happen immediately as it will take a while to narrow down the timber. †¢ Face sides of timber need to be well sanded and at the correct measurement. Due to the face side facing outwards on the project, it is important that it is well sanded, and planed to a correct standard so the project does not look out of shape. †¢ Edges on timber must be square on all sides of timber. This must be checked with a square and must be fixed if the timber is not properly edged. When creating joints, all edges have to be square as a defective edge can throw the whole prohect out of proportion. Manufacturing Individual Components as a Part of a Project †¢ Legs Widening Joints †¢ Dowelled Butt Joints is a simple method of widening to form a solid timber top. Dowels are positioned at 150-200mm intervals along the length of the boards. The direction of the growth rings shouldbe alternated for when wide boards are joined. Care should be taken because when one of the boards has movement it will react onto the next board. †¢ Tongue and Groove joints are widely used for re-entrant angles. The effect of wood shrinkage is concealed. Each piece has a slot cut all along one edge, and a thin, deep ridge on the opposite edge. The joinging method has been rendered obsolete with the introduction of plywood. The method however is still used in higher-quality flooring. Rebate housing joints is similar to a butt joint , except it has a second contact surface. The second contact surface allows for another set of nails to be hammered into the joint to make for a stronger joint overall. †¢ Groove and Feather is similar to the tongue and groove joint, however, in the opening a wood feather strip is inserted. This allows for an alternative to the to ngue and groove joint. †¢ Biscuit joints are a quick and easy way to reinforce butt and mitre joints. The oval shaped biscuits fit into place from a hole made by a biscuit joiner. Biscuit joints can basically be used wherever dowel or mortice and tenon joints can be used. This includes framing, widening, and leg and rail construction. Framing Joints †¢ Mitre joints involve cutting the flat side of timber at a 90 degree angle. The joint is usually used for the corners of picture frames and decorative furniture mouldings. The angles are cut with a mitre saw. The joints can be joined with dowel, biscuits or can be joined via mitre halving joints. †¢ Halving Joints have half the thickness or width of the material removed from each part, so that when the opposing sides are joined they will be flush with one another. Corning halving is used for frames. The halving joints themselves can be reinforced with nails and/or glue. †¢ Dowelled are commonly used in frame construction as well as leg and rail construction. Dowels are glued into one piece and the joint is assembled with glue applied to the contact surfaces and the other dowel holes. †¢ Box Pin is also known as a Finger Joint and involves cutting a set of complementary cuts in two pieces of wood, which are then glued. It is stronger than a butt or lap joint and will often form the general overall look of the piece. Mortise and Tenon joints are probably the most common joints used in framing timber joinery and traditional furniture. They have several variations which allow furniture designers to combine creative design with sound construction. The joints themselves can be strengthened with wedges, nails and glue. †¢ Bridle Joints have a third of the thickness of the material removed from the centre of the one part of the joint an d from the outsides of the other part. Carcase Joints †¢ Rebate joint is a recess or groove cut into the edge of a piece of timber. Rebate joints. Rebate joints are stronger than the usual butt joints because they have two contact surfaces which allows for two nails to be inserted if necessary. †¢ Scribed joinery is the technique of shaping the end of a moulding or frame to fit the contours of an abutting member. It is commonly used in skirting and other moulding in a room. Coping is only used for internal corners. All other external corners will be mitred. †¢ Dovetail joints are tapered so that the joint can come out in one direction only. Dovetails cut on one part of the joint fit into sockets cut on the other part. The shapes left between the sockets are called pins. Hand cut dovetails are always larger than the pins, machine cut dovetails and pins are the same size, except for the smaller outer pins. †¢ Housing joints provide more strength than butt joints and are commonly used where load bearings is an important design factor. Housing joints are used in framing, they come in variations such as through housing, stopped housing, and rebate housing. Construction Techniques †¢ Sawing is the most commonly used technique to cut wood into the shapes and sizes as desired. Sawing can be performed with several cutting devices. The handheld saw, a drop saw, a band saw and a table saw to only mention a few. Sawing can be dangerous if safe and correct procedures are not carried during operation. †¢ Drilling is also one of the most commonly used techniques in furnishing. It involves a drill bit, powered by a drill to create a hole in the timber to allow a screw, a dowel, or a bolt to enter the hole for many purposes. The drill bits vary in size and length and this will affect the depth and size of the hole. †¢ Edge Treatments for timber include smoothing out the edges with a plane or using sandpaper with a sanding block. Effects can also be applied to an edge using a router and a router bit that looks good on the project. Other treatments include using a router to make a housing joint. †¢ Nailing and Screwing techniques include collaborations with joints such as mortise and tenon joints to strengthen these. Nails are applied with a hammer or a nail gun and screws are inserted with a power tool or handheld screwdriver. †¢ Sanding is a technique that involves a grainy paper, that slowly scratches away at the wood grains and creates a smooth finish. Sandpaper is sanded on using a cork sanding block. Varying grains on the paper, make the difference between how much of the grain you want to remove and how smooth the timber will come out. †¢ Scraping is an old technique that allows for an extremely fine finish on timber. Scrapers work best on highly figured woods. A difference between sandpaper and a scraper is that sandpaper can suppress the 3 dimensional look of the wood, but scrapers can restore this. Other Construction Techniques †¢ Turning involves a rectangular prism shaped piece of timber that is spun on a lathe and chisels are applied to the surface which cuts away, eventually creating a cylindrical shaped piece. Turning is an effective way of creating posts, or details to an overall project. †¢ Carving is a practice that is applied to the surface of timber where a shape, pattern or any other design is chiseled and carved into the timber using various tools. The practice, when done by hand is very difficult as accuracy and precision is at stake and could ruin the entire surface. Professional machines are available which use precise accuracy to cut out the shapes. †¢ Inlaying involves a shape, usually made from veneer being inserted into a depression that is the same shape as the veneer or contrasting coloured timber. Inlaying can be done by hand but like carving, is a very hard practice. It should be done with an accurate machine. †¢ Marquetry is similar to inlaying except it is made up of more pieces and is much harder process. The results that come from marquetry is decorative patterns, designs and pictures. Thin veneer is also used for this method as it is also easy to sand and shape. †¢ Veneering is an old art of having thin sheets of veneer board covering the outside of timber sides and creating a nice look that appears like it’s a full piece of timber. Veneer boards are stuck to plywood boards to create a nice finish from the outside. †¢ Parquetry is a similar method to Marquetry except it form simple geometric shapes, forming tiled patterns that would cover the floor. Aside from veneer, other timbers can be used such as oak, walnut, cherry, can be enployed. Even expensive timber such as mahogany can be used. †¢ Laminating is a technique that uses a multi synthetic that is fused in a lamination process. Laminating simulates timber with a photographic applique under a clear plastic layer. Laminated flooring is most commonly used as this is cheap, more durable than carpet and looks like the floor is made from proper timer. †¢ Bending is a technique that is applied to that is applied to sheets of timber when a bend is necessary, this could be for a ramp or any other similar device. T bend sheets, the boards are steamed and the pores in the timber become soft and allow for it to bent into a curved shape. †¢ Routing is a process for creating a recess into pieces of timber to allow for a housing joint or any other timber to be inserted to create a strong joint. Routing can also be applied to the edges of timber for corner work that involves joints. Construction Techniques Using Manufactured Boards †¢ Economical Sheet Layout is the process of choosing manufactured boards that have minimal surface defects. Its best to choose the most economical sheets when they are all laid out. Using proper veneer and pine combinations also help with the outcomes of plywood economics. †¢ Cutting Sheet Material can be carried out in a number of ways. Manufactured sheets can be cut out using a table saw or a circular saw. A saw guide helps with a circular saw. Cutting sheet material is an easy process but still must be carried out responsibly and properly. †¢ Handling Sheet Material should be like handling most other timber in the industry. It should be held close to the body where it is safe and won’t be dropped. If assistance is required for lifting heavy or rigid sheet materials then help should be requested immediately. †¢ Assembly of Components should be carried out with proper joints and with proper components for assembly. Components used for manufactured boards include screws and nails and glue, these are usually joined with butt joints. Assembly of Components †¢ Test, Fit and Check Joints is a process that must be carried out before proper gluing of a project. The joints should all be joined without glue to be tested if they fit. All joints should then be checked with a square at the corners. If it is not accurate, then some chiseling or filling should be carried out. †¢ Dry Cramp is a technique that should be carried out before gluing. The frame or project should be fitted into the cramp so that when the glue is applied it can quickly be placed into the cramp without a messy job. Use of Cramps is a sometimes difficult procedure but can be made easy when all steps are followed. The cramp should be dry tested as described above and then glued and tightened. When tightening cramps, they should be tightened evenly. Parallel clamp should be placed in the middle to counteract the outer clamps making the board bend upwards. †¢ Testing for Square and Flatness should be carried out using a square on the corne rs. If the joints are not square, then the cramps should be loosened and the frame or project be readjusted. To check the flatness should be done with the side of a ruler or with a flat piece of timber. Its best to check the flatness to avoid the frame or timber going in wind. Finishing †¢ Preparation for staining involves the process of setting up the timber with a work table and brush and brushing on the stain to the timber in all the desired areas where necessary. †¢ Staining gives the wood a more professional look and makes the wood look more expensive. †¢ Filling fills in the pores of the timber of open grained or textured timber to provide a smoother surface to build up the finishing material. Oils consist of oil-soluble dyes dissolved in oils such as turpentine. Finishes can range in appearance from a deep, shiny glass-like look to a dull surface which reflects very little light. †¢ Shellac is used for traditional French polishing, It’s a natural resin that is applied with a polishing pad and gradually builds up the body of coating. †¢ Nitro-Cellulose Lacquer is a spray on finish that needs to be thinned down and dries in a few minutes. †¢ Environmental Issues that concern polishing are the fumes that the finishes give off, while not entirely harmful to the human body, these do inhabit the air and could affect the surrounding environment. Ii would also require a lot of energy to make the finishes also. †¢ Industrial Processes that are associated with finishing is the proper use of PPE, this would include gloves, and possibly a face mask, depending on the users intake of the fumes from the finish. It would also be necessary to work in a well ventilated room to ensure that the fumes to not fill up and enclosed room. Other processes include leaving the timber a good amount of time to dry before another coat is added and to follow all instructions on the finishes container such as application and preparation. How to cite Industrial Technology, Papers

Industrial Technology Free Essays

string(66) " than 3mm that are glued onto core panels to produce flat panels\." Industrial Technology, Timber Products and Furniture Study Notes Perry Tappenden Materials Terminology associated with the timber industry comes in many forms; it is used to address other workers, to give a quick response to a question or to make statements shorter and to not go into extensive detail. Examples of certain timber terminology includes; a Crook: Distortion of a piece of lumber, Header: a structural member located between the stud joint or rafter. These are a few instances of terminology as there are many more than this. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Timber recovery and conversion is when timber is collected either from deposits or from land and sawn into newer sheets of wood, or burned and used for something else such as firewood, this practice is commonly sought after. When wood is converted it can also be broken down into chips and remade into sheets of ply for use thereafter. * Live Sawing: This gives the most timber from the log; it’s the most simple and cheapest way to cut the log into boards. Timber cut in this method may shrink or warp unevenly. This timber is suitable for construction work, fences and crates * Quarter sawing: The log is quartered lengthwise, resulting in wedges with a right angle ending at approximately the centre of each log. The resulting boards are called quarter sawn. * Back sawing: Takes high quality timber from faulty logs. It allows for the faulty parts to be cut around with little waste. Back sawing is used for floor and ceiling joints as there is more strength in the direction of the growth rings. Flitches and Burls are deformities on the outside of timber, it’s found on the outgrowth on a tree trunk. Flitches are slices of veneer form a tree trunk and are kept in the order of which they were sawn. * Stability is the limit to which timber can re shaped and formed. If timber is stable then it would have been seasoned and therefore maintains its shape without curling. * Seasoning is the process in which moisture is dried out from the cell walls and cell cavities of the wood. Air seasoning is a natural drying method which takes ither a few days or a few weeks in which timber is stacked in well ventilated stacks out in the open. Kiln seasoning is an artificial drying method in which timber is placed in large drying rooms in which controlled temperature and humidity circuate around the boards. * Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) affects the stability of the timber. As moisture content increases. Timber swells. If moisture content decreases, timber shrinks. Timber should ‘move’ in very minor amounts, so therefore it should be properly seasoned. Timber selection considerations refers to what to consider when selecting timbers, hardwoods and soft woods may be chosen as they both have different moisture contents and therefore different considerations must be put into place. * Plantation timbers come from artificially planted forest or plantation. Timber gained from plantation comes from fast growing trees used for lumber. * Exotic Timbers are timbers that are rare and hard to come by, the timber is a reddish brown and is prized by woodworkers, it is used in wood turnings, handles and other items, an example of an Exotic wood is Allocasuarina Torulosa or known as Forest Oak. Recycling/Reusing Timber is the process of salvaging timber products from old buildings, bridges and wharfs, the timber is then taken to a mill where all metal objects are removed and the the timber is re-sawn and sold to consumers usually as flooring, beams or decking. * ‘Green’ Timbers are wood products that have recently cut and have therefo re not had an opportunity to season by evaporation of the internal moisture. The term applies to wood such as firewood lumber. * Economical Usage/ Waste Minimisation revolves around how to control timber wastage. Scrap timber can be reused in other projects where necessary and therefore saves time and money from buying more timber for other uses. Waste minimisation is how to control timber wastage in order to save money. Waste can be controlled with a waste management plan in which 10% is added to timber to be cut to allow for an affordable amount of waste. * Environmental Issues/Pollution that concern timber production is dust, air emissions and odours and hazard materials including chemicals. Pollution can arise from these things so therefore care should be taken. Another environmental issue is deforestation. Sustainability is about how long a timber will last. Depending on what the desired project is, will reflect that will be selected. A wood such as pine is sustainable but will not last over years like hardwood will. Sustainable timber will have a higher price, but will last longer than most other timbers that are not as sustainable. * OHS Issues regarding timber selection are affected b y the type of timber that is chosen. For example if a hardwood is chosen it must be taken into consideration that it is heavy durable and therefore feet protection must be worn. Also the machinery must be used with caution as it will work harder against the timber. The right timber must also be selected for the job as certain projects require a specific timber that is suitable, if the wrong timber is used it may have an issue such as not being able to support the weight of itself. Manufactured Board are products that are engineered to precise and specific design purposes. Manufactured board is used in a variety of applications such as home constructions to industrial products. The resulting boards are very stable and offer greater structural strength than natural wood building materials. †¢ The Construction and Manufacture of manufactured board involves the same hard and soft woods used in normal construction. Scraps and other wood waste can be used to make manufactured wood also. It’s manufactured for practical uses and also for flat pack furniture because of it’s low cost. †¢ Veneers are thin sheets of timber, thinner than 3mm that are glued onto core panels to produce flat panels. You read "Industrial Technology" in category "Papers" Veneer is constructed with a either a rotary lathe, a slicing machine or a half-round lathe. Using different types of slicing, a different type of grain will appear. †¢ Plywood is manufactured by laminating an odd number of thin sheets of timber, or veneers. The sheets are placed with the grain running along the length of the sheet. The sheet is bonded under heat and pressure with durable, moisture resistant adhesives. When bonding the sheets, the sheets are arranged in a grain direction with the grain at right angles in the alternate layers. †¢ Particleboard is made from the thinnings and trimmings from pine plantations as well as plantation trees. The wood stock is milled in to coarse flakes which are dried and sprayed with a resin adhesive. The flakes are formed into mats with coarse flakes sandwiched between the fine flakes. A number of these mats are placed in a hot press where they are compressed. The high temperature of the press and the resin forms a strong board that is grainless, that prevents termites and borers. †¢ Fibre Boards are constructed the same way as particleboards, the difference between the two is that the particles are pulped to separate the wood fibres which interlock with each other to create the sheet’s strength. Fibreboards are available in plain sanded sheets or veneered in a range of cabinet timbers. †¢ Block manufactured boards have a limited application in the furniture industry, The main use is an alternative to thin sheets of particle board or medium density fibreboard for cupboard backs and drawer bottoms. †¢ Lamiboard are produced by bonding thin wood veneers together in a large billet. The resulting product features enhanced mechanical properties and dimensional stability.. Lamiboard is used in many products including rafters, headers, beams, joists, rim boards, studs and columns. OHS Issues regarding manufactured boards is that some of boards may burn faster than solid timber, they require more energy for their manufacture than solid timber, the adhesives used may be toxic, cutting and working can expose workers to toxic compounds, Some of the manufactured products are more prone to heat warping when used for exterior purposes, exterior use is also not recommended because the boards soak up moisture. †¢ Glues used for manufactured wood include: Urea-formaldehyde resins (most common, most cheap, and not waterproof. Phenol-formaldehyde resins (Yellow/brown, and commonly used for exterior exposure products. ) Melamine-formaldehyde resin (white, heat and water resistant, and often used in exposed surfaces in more costly designs. ) Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate or polyurethane resins (expensive, generally waterproof, and do not contain formaldehyde). Fitting and Allied Materials-Hardware and Fittings †¢ Screws are on of the most commonly used woodwork fittings, they have a single use of joing two or more pieces of wood together depending on the length of the screw. Screws come in different head types for varying areas of work, The thread on each of the screws differs for the grip on the board as well as width of the board. †¢ Nails are also a commonly used fastener in the timber industry and trades. Nails are used to join together two or more pieces of timber and have many variations. Nails also have many variations for different uses and can be inserted at different angles to strengthen joints. †¢ Nuts Bolts are used in conjunction with one another to joint together a stack of parts. The joint piese are helf together with a combination of the threads friction, a stretch of the bolt, and compression of the parts. Nuts Bolts vary in sizes and shapes to fit to the job necessary, nuts bolts as big as 60mm exist on the Sydney Harbour Bridge. †¢ Knockdown Fittings are items of furniture that have the ability to be taken assembled and disassembled any number of times. The furniture has also been made with many different modifications that the owner can perform themselves. These include changing the position of the shelves or even adding shelves in general. Transport and storage of this furniture is also made very easy. †¢ Hinges are devices that are secured to a side of a cabinet and attached to a door or other object to allow the door to open and close. Hinges are available in many forms and open to a 180 degree angle. The knuckle of the hinge shows when the door is closed but there are many types of hinges such as concealed hinges that prevent this. †¢ Handles are an attachment to a door that allows an operator to open and close the door. Hinges are constantly changing and are manufactured by several manufactures. Handles are made out of plastic, metal and even wood. They are a D shape and are screwed onto the door frame. †¢ Knobs are similar to handles in which they allow an operator to open and close a door, they might be favoured or disregarded over a handle. Knobs also come in variations of wood, metal and plastic. Like handles they can be used on doors or drawers. †¢ Staples are used by upholsters for fastening fabric to the wooden frames of covered furniture. Staples can be applies with a staple gun or a pneumatic tacker. Staples can also be used in the assembly of light frames and furniture components as an alternative to nailing and are applied with an air tacker. Drawer Runners are devices that are secured to the interior of a drawer and allow for a smooth operation of the drawer and will last a long life. Some draw runners do not allow the drawer to extend to it’s full depth, however, fully extending drawers have an extra telescopic extension which allows the drawer to extend for it’s full depth. †¢ Table Cl ips are used to attach solid timber tops to tables and other items of furniture, to achieve this result, a groove is cut in the inside faces of the table and the table clip, an S shaped piece, is slotted into the groove and the opposite side is screwed into the top of the table. Latches are a component that allow for two surfaces to connect that also allows for regular separation. Latches are usually used on large doors or windows. They can be made from plastic or from metal and can be secured with a padlock. Latches can also be places on the inside or the outside of a door depending on the levels of security needed. †¢ Catches are a component that is attached to a door and consists of two separate parts, a striker and retainer. Catches can join together via a ball with springs, a magnetic strip on the striker and retainer, or a roller that separates and rolls onto the other. They keep doors firmly closed, yet are still easy to open. †¢ Shelf Hangers are small shelf supports that are available for various applications. Three commonly used shelf hangers are plug in which simply plug into a drilled hole and are made from plastic. Sleeve mounted which is slim mount that fits into a metal sleeve that is first inserted into the hole. Strip mounted supports fit into holes or slots in plastic or aluminium strips which are knocked into grooves that are cut into the wood side piece. Additional Materials Applied to Timber Based Products Glass as a material can be used in conjunction with timber products. A glass door can be added to a cabinet or a glass centre piece can be applied to a door frame on a small or large cabinet. Glass overall gives a more modern look and prevents dust from getting on the shelves. †¢ Metal is used in conjunction with timber in many ways, handles and knobs can be made from a metal and add a nice overall look to the project. Fas teners are also made from metal. Corner covers can also be applied to timber projects such a chest of drawers or any other box. These add a vintage or modern look. †¢ Polymers can also collaborate with woodwork, these can be used similarly to metal materials such as handles and fasteners. Also, like glass, a plastic sheet can be used to insert into a door frame. †¢ Upholstery Materials that can be used in conjunction with timber products is fabric sheets, which can be stapled on to cover a certain section. If upholstery is used, It must be fitted properly. Adhesives †¢ PVA or polyvinyl acetate is a white, ready to use, glue. It is not waterproof but will resist bacteria. It has good gap filling qualities, is on stainable, and non flammable. PVA is the most commonly used adhesive in woodworking burt won’t bond a non-porous material surface such as metal to wood. †¢ Epoxy Resin is a two part glue consisting of resin and a hardener or catalyst. They allow assembly time at up to an hour at approximately 20 degrees. It is very fast-setting and contact with the skin should be heavily avoi ded. It will attach non-porous to porous materials at anytime. †¢ Hot Glue is an adhesive that will glue two surfaces together. The glue is squeezed from a glue gun that heats and melts a stick of glue. The glue itself will bond together porous materials only as solid objects such as metal or glass will not grip the glue when it hardens. †¢ Urea-Formaldehyde are thermo setting adhesives which are hardened by the addition of a catalyst. The adhesive is widely used in the industry. It takes 2-24 hours to set at room temperature. The glue cannot be softened by heat one it sets. Ventilation or respiratory equipment should be used with this adhesive and contact with the skin should be avoided. †¢ Resorcinol glue is an adhesive that has high strength in both dry and wet conditions. It is also resistant to high temperatures. It’s main use is to glue timber that requires immediate repair straight away. The glue withstands tropical and sub-zero temperatures as well as salt and fresh water. †¢ Contact Glue is a synthetic rubber based adhesive, It is mostly used to bond plastic laminate to manufactured boards. Adhesive is applied with a spreader which becomes dry in about 10-20 minutes. The two sheets are brought together resulting in an immediate bond. No cramping is necessary, rather rubbing and smoothing with a block of wood. The adhesive is flammable, highly toxic and gives of pungent fumes. Processes, Tools and Machinery Planning †¢ Sketches are used to help develop ideas, communicate design ideas to others such as the client, factory manager or workshop supervisor. They also help to work out sizes and proportions. Many sketching techniques ar ecarried out in order to communicate through the sketch. †¢ Workshop Drawings are usually of the multi-view type, prepared accurately to scale. Drawing standards are intended to provide consistency in presentation. If a furniture designer prepares a drawing then it should be able to read by all people that follow the same presentation requirements. Material Lists require linear measurements and basic calculations. Timber is sold in metres so therefore all measurements must be counted for and there should be waste allowance which equals to an extra 10% on the final measurement. A materials list should include size of the section, species of timber, type of finish, number of pieces and the lengths required. †¢ Calcula tions that are included in woodwork require addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. This is necessary when setting out details and working out quantities and costs. Calculations are applies to the area, surface area, and waste allowances using formulas and equations. †¢ Costing is a major factor in measurements of timber. For costing it must be made certain that all materials needed for the project are listed and also to keep the unit of measurement consistent, this will prevent confusion from the timber seller and fellow furnishers. Preparation of Timber †¢ Dressing timber involves making the timber flat, straight and square, so that it’s ready for a project. Dressing can be done with a professional machine or it can be done manually using hand held power tools. Dressing timber by yourself ensures that even though timber may have warps or twists they can be compensated for and attended to straight away. †¢ Thicknessing involves using a thicknesser machine to narrow down timber to a desired thickness. The process is by setting the machine to a desired thickness and inserting the wood into the opening where it will be cut down to a thickness that is required. The result will not happen immediately as it will take a while to narrow down the timber. †¢ Face sides of timber need to be well sanded and at the correct measurement. Due to the face side facing outwards on the project, it is important that it is well sanded, and planed to a correct standard so the project does not look out of shape. †¢ Edges on timber must be square on all sides of timber. This must be checked with a square and must be fixed if the timber is not properly edged. When creating joints, all edges have to be square as a defective edge can throw the whole prohect out of proportion. Manufacturing Individual Components as a Part of a Project †¢ Legs Widening Joints †¢ Dowelled Butt Joints is a simple method of widening to form a solid timber top. Dowels are positioned at 150-200mm intervals along the length of the boards. The direction of the growth rings shouldbe alternated for when wide boards are joined. Care should be taken because when one of the boards has movement it will react onto the next board. †¢ Tongue and Groove joints are widely used for re-entrant angles. The effect of wood shrinkage is concealed. Each piece has a slot cut all along one edge, and a thin, deep ridge on the opposite edge. The joinging method has been rendered obsolete with the introduction of plywood. The method however is still used in higher-quality flooring. Rebate housing joints is similar to a butt joint , except it has a second contact surface. The second contact surface allows for another set of nails to be hammered into the joint to make for a stronger joint overall. †¢ Groove and Feather is similar to the tongue and groove joint, however, in the opening a wood feather strip is inserted. This allows for an alternative to the to ngue and groove joint. †¢ Biscuit joints are a quick and easy way to reinforce butt and mitre joints. The oval shaped biscuits fit into place from a hole made by a biscuit joiner. Biscuit joints can basically be used wherever dowel or mortice and tenon joints can be used. This includes framing, widening, and leg and rail construction. Framing Joints †¢ Mitre joints involve cutting the flat side of timber at a 90 degree angle. The joint is usually used for the corners of picture frames and decorative furniture mouldings. The angles are cut with a mitre saw. The joints can be joined with dowel, biscuits or can be joined via mitre halving joints. †¢ Halving Joints have half the thickness or width of the material removed from each part, so that when the opposing sides are joined they will be flush with one another. Corning halving is used for frames. The halving joints themselves can be reinforced with nails and/or glue. †¢ Dowelled are commonly used in frame construction as well as leg and rail construction. Dowels are glued into one piece and the joint is assembled with glue applied to the contact surfaces and the other dowel holes. †¢ Box Pin is also known as a Finger Joint and involves cutting a set of complementary cuts in two pieces of wood, which are then glued. It is stronger than a butt or lap joint and will often form the general overall look of the piece. Mortise and Tenon joints are probably the most common joints used in framing timber joinery and traditional furniture. They have several variations which allow furniture designers to combine creative design with sound construction. The joints themselves can be strengthened with wedges, nails and glue. †¢ Bridle Joints have a third of the thickness of the material removed from the centre of the one part of the joint an d from the outsides of the other part. Carcase Joints †¢ Rebate joint is a recess or groove cut into the edge of a piece of timber. Rebate joints. Rebate joints are stronger than the usual butt joints because they have two contact surfaces which allows for two nails to be inserted if necessary. †¢ Scribed joinery is the technique of shaping the end of a moulding or frame to fit the contours of an abutting member. It is commonly used in skirting and other moulding in a room. Coping is only used for internal corners. All other external corners will be mitred. †¢ Dovetail joints are tapered so that the joint can come out in one direction only. Dovetails cut on one part of the joint fit into sockets cut on the other part. The shapes left between the sockets are called pins. Hand cut dovetails are always larger than the pins, machine cut dovetails and pins are the same size, except for the smaller outer pins. †¢ Housing joints provide more strength than butt joints and are commonly used where load bearings is an important design factor. Housing joints are used in framing, they come in variations such as through housing, stopped housing, and rebate housing. Construction Techniques †¢ Sawing is the most commonly used technique to cut wood into the shapes and sizes as desired. Sawing can be performed with several cutting devices. The handheld saw, a drop saw, a band saw and a table saw to only mention a few. Sawing can be dangerous if safe and correct procedures are not carried during operation. †¢ Drilling is also one of the most commonly used techniques in furnishing. It involves a drill bit, powered by a drill to create a hole in the timber to allow a screw, a dowel, or a bolt to enter the hole for many purposes. The drill bits vary in size and length and this will affect the depth and size of the hole. †¢ Edge Treatments for timber include smoothing out the edges with a plane or using sandpaper with a sanding block. Effects can also be applied to an edge using a router and a router bit that looks good on the project. Other treatments include using a router to make a housing joint. †¢ Nailing and Screwing techniques include collaborations with joints such as mortise and tenon joints to strengthen these. Nails are applied with a hammer or a nail gun and screws are inserted with a power tool or handheld screwdriver. †¢ Sanding is a technique that involves a grainy paper, that slowly scratches away at the wood grains and creates a smooth finish. Sandpaper is sanded on using a cork sanding block. Varying grains on the paper, make the difference between how much of the grain you want to remove and how smooth the timber will come out. †¢ Scraping is an old technique that allows for an extremely fine finish on timber. Scrapers work best on highly figured woods. A difference between sandpaper and a scraper is that sandpaper can suppress the 3 dimensional look of the wood, but scrapers can restore this. Other Construction Techniques †¢ Turning involves a rectangular prism shaped piece of timber that is spun on a lathe and chisels are applied to the surface which cuts away, eventually creating a cylindrical shaped piece. Turning is an effective way of creating posts, or details to an overall project. †¢ Carving is a practice that is applied to the surface of timber where a shape, pattern or any other design is chiseled and carved into the timber using various tools. The practice, when done by hand is very difficult as accuracy and precision is at stake and could ruin the entire surface. Professional machines are available which use precise accuracy to cut out the shapes. †¢ Inlaying involves a shape, usually made from veneer being inserted into a depression that is the same shape as the veneer or contrasting coloured timber. Inlaying can be done by hand but like carving, is a very hard practice. It should be done with an accurate machine. †¢ Marquetry is similar to inlaying except it is made up of more pieces and is much harder process. The results that come from marquetry is decorative patterns, designs and pictures. Thin veneer is also used for this method as it is also easy to sand and shape. †¢ Veneering is an old art of having thin sheets of veneer board covering the outside of timber sides and creating a nice look that appears like it’s a full piece of timber. Veneer boards are stuck to plywood boards to create a nice finish from the outside. †¢ Parquetry is a similar method to Marquetry except it form simple geometric shapes, forming tiled patterns that would cover the floor. Aside from veneer, other timbers can be used such as oak, walnut, cherry, can be enployed. Even expensive timber such as mahogany can be used. †¢ Laminating is a technique that uses a multi synthetic that is fused in a lamination process. Laminating simulates timber with a photographic applique under a clear plastic layer. Laminated flooring is most commonly used as this is cheap, more durable than carpet and looks like the floor is made from proper timer. †¢ Bending is a technique that is applied to that is applied to sheets of timber when a bend is necessary, this could be for a ramp or any other similar device. T bend sheets, the boards are steamed and the pores in the timber become soft and allow for it to bent into a curved shape. †¢ Routing is a process for creating a recess into pieces of timber to allow for a housing joint or any other timber to be inserted to create a strong joint. Routing can also be applied to the edges of timber for corner work that involves joints. Construction Techniques Using Manufactured Boards †¢ Economical Sheet Layout is the process of choosing manufactured boards that have minimal surface defects. Its best to choose the most economical sheets when they are all laid out. Using proper veneer and pine combinations also help with the outcomes of plywood economics. †¢ Cutting Sheet Material can be carried out in a number of ways. Manufactured sheets can be cut out using a table saw or a circular saw. A saw guide helps with a circular saw. Cutting sheet material is an easy process but still must be carried out responsibly and properly. †¢ Handling Sheet Material should be like handling most other timber in the industry. It should be held close to the body where it is safe and won’t be dropped. If assistance is required for lifting heavy or rigid sheet materials then help should be requested immediately. †¢ Assembly of Components should be carried out with proper joints and with proper components for assembly. Components used for manufactured boards include screws and nails and glue, these are usually joined with butt joints. Assembly of Components †¢ Test, Fit and Check Joints is a process that must be carried out before proper gluing of a project. The joints should all be joined without glue to be tested if they fit. All joints should then be checked with a square at the corners. If it is not accurate, then some chiseling or filling should be carried out. †¢ Dry Cramp is a technique that should be carried out before gluing. The frame or project should be fitted into the cramp so that when the glue is applied it can quickly be placed into the cramp without a messy job. Use of Cramps is a sometimes difficult procedure but can be made easy when all steps are followed. The cramp should be dry tested as described above and then glued and tightened. When tightening cramps, they should be tightened evenly. Parallel clamp should be placed in the middle to counteract the outer clamps making the board bend upwards. †¢ Testing for Square and Flatness should be carried out using a square on the corne rs. If the joints are not square, then the cramps should be loosened and the frame or project be readjusted. To check the flatness should be done with the side of a ruler or with a flat piece of timber. Its best to check the flatness to avoid the frame or timber going in wind. Finishing †¢ Preparation for staining involves the process of setting up the timber with a work table and brush and brushing on the stain to the timber in all the desired areas where necessary. †¢ Staining gives the wood a more professional look and makes the wood look more expensive. †¢ Filling fills in the pores of the timber of open grained or textured timber to provide a smoother surface to build up the finishing material. Oils consist of oil-soluble dyes dissolved in oils such as turpentine. Finishes can range in appearance from a deep, shiny glass-like look to a dull surface which reflects very little light. †¢ Shellac is used for traditional French polishing, It’s a natural resin that is applied with a polishing pad and gradually builds up the body of coating. †¢ Nitro-Cellulose Lacquer is a spray on finish that needs to be thinned down and dries in a few minutes. †¢ Environmental Issues that concern polishing are the fumes that the finishes give off, while not entirely harmful to the human body, these do inhabit the air and could affect the surrounding environment. Ii would also require a lot of energy to make the finishes also. †¢ Industrial Processes that are associated with finishing is the proper use of PPE, this would include gloves, and possibly a face mask, depending on the users intake of the fumes from the finish. It would also be necessary to work in a well ventilated room to ensure that the fumes to not fill up and enclosed room. Other processes include leaving the timber a good amount of time to dry before another coat is added and to follow all instructions on the finishes container such as application and preparation. How to cite Industrial Technology, Papers